Analytical techniques refer to the methods and tools used to analyze data or samples in a scientific or research context. These techniques help researchers to identify, quantify, and characterize the components of a sample, as well as to understand the relationships between different variables. Some common analytical techniques used in research include chromatography, spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and microscopy. These techniques can be used to analyze a wide range of substances, such as chemicals, biomolecules, and materials, and are often used in fields such as chemistry, biology, environmental science, and materials science. Overall, analytical techniques are essential for researchers to obtain accurate and reliable data, make informed decisions, and draw meaningful conclusions from their experiments. These techniques continue to evolve and improve, allowing researchers to explore new frontiers and address complex research questions.